ESTER (ESTHER FRUMKIN)

ESTER (ESTHER FRUMKIN) (1880-June 8, 1943)

     Literary name of Malke Lifshits, she was born in Minsk, Byelorussia (Belarus).  She took the surname Frumkin from her first husband; her second husband was surnamed Vikhman.  She was raised in a well-to-do merchant, scholarly, enlightened home.  Her grandfather was a Hassidic rabbi and scholar, while her father was a follower of the Jewish Enlightenment movement, an accomplished man, who wrote Yiddish poetry and prose.  Her mother came from the Katsenelenboygn and Rom (Romm) families of Vilna.  Until age eleven, Ester studied Tanakh in the original.  After graduating from high school in Minsk, she entered the Bestuzhev Course in St. Petersburg, later also an auditor in the University of Berlin.  Back in Minsk, she worked for several years as a teacher in the Minsk Professional School for Girls.  In 1901 she joined the Bund, and she became active as a propagandist.  For her first literary piece of work, she translated into Yiddish Vladimir Korolenko’s “A agode fun kinig agripes un flores, dem prokurator fun yehude” (The story of King Agrippa and Flor, procurator of Judea) (St. Petersburg: Naye biblyotek, 1904)—Russian original: “Skazanie o Flore, Agrippe i Menakheme, syne Yegudy” (Story of Flor, Agrippa, and Menakhem, son of Juda).  After the Russian Revolution of 1905, she began to play a conspicuous role in the Bundist movement.  She was the Duma correspondent in St. Petersburg for the Bundist daily in Vilna, Der veker (The alarm), later Di folkstsaytung (The people’s newspaper).  She also participated in editing the Vilna collections: Di naye tsayt (The new times), Tsayt-fragn (Issues of the times), Di naye shtime (The new voice), and Fragn un lebn (Issues and life) in which she wrote under the pen name of D. Katsenelenboygn, and among many other things she published her work on national education and school issues.  She took part in the Czernowitz Language Conference in 1908, and there she represented the position of “proletarian” Yiddishism, calling for Yiddish to be declared “the”—not “a”—national language of the Jewish people (she published a report from the conference in the collection, Di naye tsayt 4 [Vilna, 1909]).  In 1910 the Bundist publisher, “Di velt” (The world), in Vilna, brought out her major work: Tsu der frage vegn der yidisher folkshul (On the question of the Jewish public school) (third printing, St. Petersburg, 1917).  Over the years 1910-1914, on several occasions she was arrested, escaped abroad, and became active there as a member of the foreign committee of the Bund.  At the start of WWI, she returned to Russia—and she was sent at the time of the war to Chervony Bor, Astrakhan district.  After the February Revolution in 1917, she returned to Minsk, joined the Central Committee of the Bund, became editor of the principal Bundist organ, Der veker (a daily newspaper), was selected to the Minsk city council as well as the council of the Jewish community; she became the director of the education office of the city and the province; she ordered the building of new Jewish schools, teachers’ courses of study, and cultural associations; she was on the managing committee of the workers university and lectured there on the nationality question.  She wrote a great deal, frequently appeared on stage giving speeches, and truly stood at the center of social, political, and cultural activities of the city.  At that time, as was the case earlier, she belonged to the Menshevik wing of the Social Democratic Party.  Following the eleventh congress of the Bund (Minsk, 1919), she moved to the left and became one of the most active propagandists who sought to Bolshevize the Bund.  After the split up of the Bund in April 1920, she (together with Arn Vaynshteyn-Yerakhmiel) became the leader of “Kombund” (Communist Bund).  At the Kombund’s dissolution conference in March 1921 in Moscow, she helped bring an end to the Kombund and moved fully over to the Jewish section (Yevsektsiia) of the Alfarbandishe komunistishe partey (All-Union Communist Party [=Bolsheviks]).  She also became a member of Yidgezkom (Jewish Social Committee [for the Relief of Victims of War, Pogroms, and Natural Disasters]) and an editor for the Moscow-based Emes (Truth) in which she published a great number of articles, principally about cultural issues, educational problems, and the new way of life.  Together with Moyshe Litvakov, she edited the eight-volume edition of Lenin’s writings in Yiddish translation, by herself translated the third volume [see below], and wrote Lenin, zayn lebn in zayn lere (Lenin, his life and his teachings).

     Among her other books: Tsu der frage vegn der yidisher folksshul: di muter-shprakh un di folksshul, di fremde shprakh in der yidisher shul, yidish, di yidishe folksshul un dos yidishe folk (On the question of the Jewish public school: the mother tongue and the public school, foreign tongue in the Jewish school, Yiddish, the Jewish public school, and the Jewish people) (Vilna, 1910), 97 pp.; Shul-fragn (School issues) (St. Petersburg, 1917); Hirsh lekert (Hirsh Lekert) (Moscow: Yungvald, 1922), 39 pp.; Lenin un zayn arbet (Lenin and his work) (Moscow: Tsentr farlag, 1925), 271 pp. (second printing, 1926); Mit lenins veg (On Lenin’s path) (Moscow: 1925), 60 pp.; Oktyabr-revolutsye (October revolution) (Moscow, 1928), 332 pp.; Fuftsen tsuzamenfor fun al. k. p. (b), vegn der opozitsye (Fifteenth convention of the All-Russia Communist Party [Bolsheviks], on the opposition) (Moscow, 1928), 88 pp.; a Yiddish translation of Lenin’s Yorn fun der kontr-revolutsye (Years of counter-revolution) [vol. 3 of Oygeveylte verk (Selected works)] (Moscow, 1929), 256 pp.; and the forward to Yidn in f. s. s. r. (Jews in the USSR) by A. Brakhman and Y. Zhiv (Moscow, 1930).  In the years 1923-1928, she served on the editorial board of Yungvald (Young forest) and Pyonir (Pioneer); was the editor of Politalefbeyz farn komyugist (Political alphabet for a member of the Communist Youth League) (Moscow, 1925), 183 pp.  Until the liquidation of former Bundists in the Russian Communist Party in the late 1930s, she was the director of the Jewish section of the University of the Peoples of the West under the Comintern; the Jewish students there referred to it as the Mayrevke.  After the purges of 1936 began, Esther was arrested—and nothing was subsequently heard from her.  According to one piece of information, she was sent to the Butyrka prison in Moscow, and in 1938 she was sent to Chibyu, Ukhta, in the Komi People’s Republic where she died at the end of 1938 or beginning of 1939.  This information was later confirmed by a former Soviet official who was sent to the Ukht-Izhemsky Camp.  We now know that Ester Frumkin died in a Soviet forced labor camp in Kazakhstan in 1943.

Sources: Zalmen Reyzen, Leksikon fun der yidisher literatur, prese un filologye, vol. 1 (New York, 1928); A. Liessin, Zikhroynes un bilder (Memories and images) (New York, 1954), p. 272; N. Kharin, “Briv fun a fraynd” (Letter from a friend), Der veker (New York) (February 12, 1938); D. Tsharni, in Der veker (New York) (December 31, 1938); Ben-tsien Kats, “Di sore bas toyvim fun der rusisher revolutsye” (The Sarah, daughter of Tovim, of the Russian Revolution), Morgn-zhurnal (New York) (February 13, 1931); Yankev Leshtshinski, Tsvishn lebn un toyt (Between life and death), vol. 1 (Vilna, 1930), pp. 85-95; A. Reyzen, Epizodn fun mayn lebn (Episodes from my life), part 3 (Vilna, 1935), pp. 326-36; A. Litvak, Geklibene shriftn (Collected writings) (New York, 1945), p. 195; Gina Medem, A lebnsveg (A life’s path) (New York, 1950), p. 185.

Yitskhok Kharlash

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